Book 27
Lesson 1
Vocabulary
geography (n.) �Ԫ�������ʵ��
I
like to study geography because I�m interested in the earth�s surface.
�ѹ�ͺ���¹�Ԫ�������ʵ�����Щѹʹ�����ǡѺ��鹼���š
countless (adj.)
�ҡ��� �Ѻ����ǹ
There
are countless reasons why you should take this course.
���˵ؼ��ҡ�����ҷ����س��è����¹�Ԫҹ��
mass (n.) ���
Iceberg
is a large mass of ice.
���ҹ���秤����Ź���秢�Ҵ�Ë�
human (n.) ������
Animals
are not humans.
�ѵ�������������
isolate (v.) �¡�͡�� ⴴ�����
He
always isolates himself from everyone. He doesn�t want to contact with
anyone.
���¡����͡�Ҩҡ�ء�� ������ͧ��õԴ��͡Ѻ��
funds (n.) �ͧ�ع �Թ�ع
The
university raises funds to support poor students.
����Է����¨Ѵ��駡ͧ�ع���ͪ�������͹ѡ���¹�ҡ��
experiment (n.) ��÷��ͧ
The
students do many experiments on plants.
�ѡ���¹�ӡ�÷��ͧ����ͧ�ת
in / on behalf of (prep.) 㹹���ͧ
He
arranges the meeting on behalf of his supervisor.
�ҨѴ��û�Ъ��㹹���ͧ���˹��
axis (n.) ᡹�š
The
earth rotates on its axis.
�š⤨��ͺ᡹�š
longitude (n.)
����ǧ
The
airplane is at 30 degrees east longitude.
����ͧ�Թ�Թ������ �� ͧ�ҵ��ѹ�͡
latitude (n.)
������
The
latitude of my school is 24 degrees south.
�ç���¹�ͧ�ѹ��������� �� ͧ����
revolve (v.)
��ع�ͺ
⤨�
The
earth revolves around the sun.
�š⤨��ͺ�ǧ�ҷԵ��
equator (n.) ����ٹ���ٵ�
The
equator is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole.
����ٹ���ٵ����������ҧ�����š�˹�͡Ѻ�����š��
period (n.)
��������
A
century is a period of 100 years.
˹��ȵ�������������� ��� ��
periodic (adj.) �����ǧ����
John
goes to the hospital for periodic checkups.
������ç��Һ�����͵�Ǩ�آ�Ҿ�����ǧ����
challenge (v.) ��ҷ��
Jonathan
challenges Patrick to a competition.
⨹Ҹҹ��ҷ�����Ԥ��������������觢ѹ
willing (adj.) ����
He
is willing to help her move the table.
�����㨪������������
disregard (v.) ����� �ԡ��
The
careless driver disregards the traffic signs.
���Ѻö������ҷ�ѡ���������ͧ���¨�Ҩ�
look down on (v.)
�ٶ١
Do
you look down on people because of their poverty?
�س�ٶ١��������Ф����ҡ���ͧ�ǡ���������
count on (v.) ����� ����ҧ�
He
is always late. You can�t count on him.
���ѡ������� �س�������ö����ҧ�����
reprimand (v.) ��г�� ��˹�
The
teacher reprimands students for not doing their assignments.
��ٵ�˹Թѡ���¹����ͧ����������ӧҹ��
surrender (v.) ����ӹ� �����
The
soldiers surrendered when they had lost in the battle.
��������ӹ�����;ǡ�����ʹ��ú
call down (v.) ��˹� ��ҡ����
The
child was called down for behaving improperly.
�硶١��˹�����ͧ�ʴ��ĵԡ�������������
silent (adj.) ��º
They
remain silent in the funeral.
�ǡ�ҹ��ʧ���º㹧ҹȾ
talk back to (v.)
����§
CAPT
Smith was very angry when the private talked back to him.
�����͡��Է���ø�ҡ����;ŷ�����§��
inferior (adj.) ���¡��� ��ӡ���
In
rank, an ensign is inferior to a commander.
����к������ ���͵�����ȵ�ӡ��ҹ����
look up to (v.) ��þ
I
look up to people who have good manners.
�ѹ��þ�����������ҷ��
work out (v.) ���
Can
you work out this problem?
�س����ö��䢻Ñ�ҹ�������
at a time (exp.) ����
The
schoolboys go through the door one at a time.
�硹ѡ���¹�Թ��ҹ��еٷ��Ф�
discrepancy (n.)
����ᵡ��ҧ
�����Ѵ���
There
are several discrepancies between these two versions of the report.
�դ���ᵡ��ҧ���¨ش�����ҧ��§ҹ � ��Ѻ���
Exercise
�����㹪�ͧ��ҧ������Ѿ������ҹ��
look up to surrender silent isolate call
down
inferior to look
down on count
on work
out disregard
challenge countless reprimand mass human
on behalf of willing discrepancy funds at
a time
periodic talk
back to
1.
The problem is very serious. We need to _______ it ___________.
2.
His boss ___________ him _____________ for missing the meeting.
3.
This mobile phone is ______________ the others. I prefer to buy a
new one.
4.
Peter really admires his father. He __________________ him.
5.
The soldiers put down their weapons. It means they
________________.
6.
There are _______________ cars on the road.
7.
Anthony ignored his Captain�s order. He ________________ it.
8.
Maria heard nothing. The room was completely________________.
9.
The doctor wants to ________________ those sick patients.
10.
I don�t like this disruptive behavior. I ________________ it.
11.
You can _________________ me. You can depend on me.
12.
The privates made mistakes, so their trainer
_______________________ them.
13.
He made an announcement ____________________ the chairman.
14.
The boy __________________ his classmate to run across the bridge.
15.
Alex has ___________ back pains.
16.
An island is a large land______________.
17.
The students should not __________________ their teachers.
18.
Robbie runs up the stairs three steps _________________.
19.
We plan to raise ______________ because we need a lot of money for
building a new hospital.
20.
Anna is _______________ to help Sarah do the experiment.
Answer
key
1.
The problem is very serious. We need to work it out.
2.
His boss calls him down for missing the meeting.
3.
This mobile phone is inferior to the others. I prefer to buy
a new one.
4.
Peter really admires his father. He looks up to him.
5.
The soldiers put down their weapons. It means they surrender.
6.
There are countless cars on the road.
7.
Anthony ignored his Captain�s order. He disregarded it.
8.
Maria heard nothing. The room was completely silent.
9.
The doctor wants to isolate those sick patients.
10.
I don�t like this disruptive behavior. I look down on it.
11.
You can count on me. You can depend on me.
12.
The privates made mistakes, so their trainer reprimanded
them.
13.
He made an announcement on behalf of the chairman.
14.
The boy challenges his classmate to run across the bridge.
15.
Alex has periodic back pains.
16.
An island is a large land mass.
17.
The students should not talk back to their teachers.
18.
Robbie runs up the stairs three steps at a time.
19.
We plan to raise funds because we need a lot of money for
building a new hospital.
20.
Anna is willing to help Sarah do the experiment.
Grammar
Using will, won�t and wouldn�t to express
willingness and refusal
�����������͡���͵�ŧ�з����úҧ���ҧ ������㨷��з���觹�� ����� will
����ö���ʴ��������� 㹢�Ф���� won�t ���
wouldn�t ���ʴ���û���ʸ
will
will + v. ���ʴ���������㹻Ѩ�غѹ���͹Ҥ�
�ç���ҧ����¤�դ����������ǡѹ �Ѻ be + willing + to
�infinitive ������ҧ
Jack will
lend me his car.
Jack is willing to lend me his car.
Who will help me carry this box?
Who is willing to help me carry this box?
|
won�t
will +
not (won�t) + v. ���ʴ���û���ʸ㹻Ѩ�غѹ���͹Ҥ� ������ҧ Mark won�t go to the library with me.
Mark refuses to go
to the library with me. |
wouldn�t
would + not
(wouldn�t) + v. ���ʴ���û���ʸ�ʹյ ������ҧ She wouldn�t have dinner last night.
She refused to have
dinner last night. |
Exercise
�ӻ���¤���仹���������ó���������
will, won�t ���� wouldn�t
1. Susan is not willing to go to John�s birthday party.
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Tony is willing to serve in the Navy for 2 years.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Nadia is willing to take care of children during the school
break.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Marsha refuses to answer the phone.
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Steve wasn�t willing to spend time with his friends.
_________________________________________________________________________
6. Peter refused to help me move to the new house.
_________________________________________________________________________
7. Brian says he is willing to work next week.
_________________________________________________________________________
8. Caroline refuses to buy a new watch.
_________________________________________________________________________
9. Richard refused to take TOEFL last month.
_________________________________________________________________________
10. Robert is willing to volunteer to be the staff in the
charity.
_________________________________________________________________________
Answer key
1. Susan won�t go to John�s birthday party.
2. Tony will serve in the Navy for 2 years.
3. Nadia will take care of children during the school break.
4. Marsha won�t answer the phone.
5. Steve wouldn�t spend time with his friends.
6. Peter wouldn�t help me move to the new house.
7. Brian says he will work next week.
8. Caroline won�t buy a new watch.
9. Richard wouldn�t take TOEFL last month.
10. Robert will volunteer to be the staff in the charity.
participle VS. gerund as noun modifier
gerund (��������) ��� �ٻ��� ing
�ͧ����� ��˹�ҷ������͹�繤ӹ��
participle (�س�����)
��˹�ҷ���觤س�Ѿ���觡���� �� � ���ҧ ����
present
participle (�س����һѨ�غѹ) ���ٻ�����ǡѺ gerund ���˹�ҷ���繤س�Ѿ�� ����������ǹ�ͧ����� �� crying boy
past
participle (�س�����ʹյ) ��� �ٻ����Ҫ�ͧ��� �
��˹�ҷ���繤س�Ѿ�� ����������ǹ�ͧ����� �� broken glass
��Ҥ�è���˹ѡ����ҧ���˹��
������ٻ v-ing �繷�� gerund ��� participle ��� gerund
��˹�ҷ���繤ӹ�� ��з�� participle
��˹�ҷ���繤Ӥس�Ѿ�� ��� 2 �������ö�ҧ��˹�Ҥӹ����
gerund
˹�Ҥӹ�����ա���鹷���ҧ���á
������ҧ WAITing
list
participle
˹�Ҥӹ�� �ӹ�������Ѻ����鹾�ҧ���á
������ҧ running
Water
gerunds + nouns :
1.
We watch TV in the LIVing room.
2.
They enjoy the HUNTing trip in Arizona.
3.
I need the CUTting board for chopping vegetables.
4.
Did you bring your SWIMming suit?
participles + nouns :
1.
The crying BAby makes a loud noise.
2.
I do not like this tiring WORK.
3.
We have never wasted our money on boring MOVies.
4.
The leaking PIPES annoy me all the time.
Gerund or participle?
�������ö�¡
gerund �ҡ participle
���¡�������������� ����ѡ�ѧ���仹��
1.
gerund �繤ӹ�� ������ҧ˹�Ҥӹ�������� ���ʴ��ش������¢ͧ�ӷ�����
2.
present participle ��˹�ҷ���� adjective ����ҧ˹�Ҥӹ�� �ʴ������繶֧��á�зӢͧ��
�ͧ����Ӷ�����仹��
�ѹ�Ъ��¤س�Ѵ�Թ���
1.
swimming pool � Is the pool for the purpose of swimming? Yes, it
is; therefore, the word �swimming� is a gerund.
2.
amusing story �Is this story amusing? Yes, it is; therefore, the
word �amusing� is a participle.
������ҧ
1.
The crying baby feels uncomfortable when her diaper gets
wet.
2.
Her shopping list is very long.
3.
This hunting trip is quite exciting.
4.
Our family always spends time together in the living room.
5.
Please pay much attention to warning signs on the street.
Exercise
�Ѻ���
participle ��� gerund �
Column A �Ѻ�ӹ������ѹ����� Column A
Column
A Column
B
_________1. leaking a. room
_________2. sleeping b. woman
_________3. fishing c. pipes
_________4. tiring d. machine
_________5. working e. bag
_________6. waiting f. license
_________7. drinking g. day
_________8. hunting h. raft
_________9. washing i. rod
_________10. floating j. water
Answer key
1. c
2.
e
3.
i
4.
g
5.
b
6.
a
7.
j
8.
f
9.
d
10.
h
Manner
of using a present participle
�ҡ���ʴ������繺ҧ��觷���з� ����ö�ʴ����¡���������ӹǹ
������¡���� �ing ������ҧ�� ��ӹǹ������ �have
fun singing� ����� singing �ʴ������繶֧�ҡ���դ����آ
EXPRESSION +
-ING |
|
have fun have a good time have trouble have difficulty have a hard time have a difficult time |
singing playing studying understanding hearing getting |
SPEND / WASTE + EXPRESSION OF TIME +
-ING |
||
spend waste |
a year an hour |
studying waiting |
SIT / STAND / LIE + EXPRESSION OF PLACE +
-ING |
||
sit stand lie |
at the computer in line on the beach |
working waiting sleeping |
Exercise
�ӻ���¤�������ó�����ӡ���ҵ��仹����ٻ �ing
wait for read study get
used to prepare
pass listen
to play understand go
shopping
1. Jennifer
had a difficult time _______________ the test.
2.
I have trouble _______________ French.
3.
Did you have fun __________________with your friends?
4.
They are sitting in the language lab __________________ the CD.
5.
Mark had trouble _________________ the instructions.
6.
Don�t waste a lot of time ______________ computer games.
7.
Will she have difficulty ________________________ her new
neighbors?
8.
I�ll spend two days ________________ this article?
9.
Clara spent three hours __________________ dinner for her family.
10. Bob
and Thomas stood in line for over two hours ________________ the box office to
open.
Answer key
1. Jennifer
had a difficult time passing the test.
2.
I have trouble studying French.
3.
Did you have fun going shopping with your friends?
4.
They are sitting in the language lab listening to the CD.
5.
Mark had trouble understanding the instructions.
6.
Don�t waste a lot of time playing computer games.
7.
Will she have difficulty getting used to her new neighbors?
8.
I�ll spend two days reading this article?
9.
Clara spent three hours preparing dinner for her family.
10. Bob
and Thomas stood in line for over two hours waiting for the box office
to open.
Adverb clauses of manner with as
�ѡɳ��ҡ�÷�����ʴ���Һҧ��觶١��з�����͹ػ���¤����˹�ҷ�������ɳ�
��� ���¡���� (adverb clause)
����� as �繤����������¤ (subordinating conjunction) �����㹡���й�͹ػ���¤�͡�ѡɳ��ҡ��
(adverb clauses of manner)
exactly ��� just ���������͹�Ѻ
as
|
Adverb clauses of manner in the way / manner that |
|
The train arrived on time |
as we expected it
would. |
|
The situation, |
exactly as
we understand it, |
is getting worse. |
|
Just as
they planned to, |
they arrived on time. |
Exercise
��� 2 ����¤��Ҵ��¡ѹ���� as, just as ���� exactly as
1. The
show ended quickly. I hoped it would.
_________________________________________________________________________
2.
Elizabeth makes her pumpkin pies. Her grandmother does.
_________________________________________________________________________
3.
He finished building his new house. He had planned.
_________________________________________________________________________
4.
We planned. Everybody arrives the campsite safely.
_________________________________________________________________________
5.
Nicolas owns a bookstore. His father did.
_________________________________________________________________________
6.
His trip to Europe was wonderful. He expected.
_________________________________________________________________________
7.
We plan to go to the tutorial class. We do every day.
_________________________________________________________________________
8.
The parcel was delivered today. Jack had hoped it would be.
_________________________________________________________________________
9.
They expected. The students passed the test.
_________________________________________________________________________
10.
He had requested. Eating was prohibited in the library.
_________________________________________________________________________
Answer key
1. The
show ended quickly as / just as / exactly as I hoped it would.
2. Elizabeth
makes her pumpkin pies as / just as / exactly as her grandmother does.
3. He
finished building his new house as / just as / exactly as he had
planned.
4. As
/ Just as / Exactly as we planned, everybody arrives the
campsite safely.
5. Nicolas
owns a bookstore as / just as / exactly as his father did.
6. His
trip to Europe was wonderful as / just as / exactly as he expected.
7. We
plan to go to the tutorial class as / just as / exactly as we do every
day.
8. The
parcel was delivered today as / just as / exactly as Jack had hoped it
would be.
9. As
/ Just as / Exactly as they expected. The students passed
the test.
10. As
/ Just as / Exactly as he had requested, eating was
prohibited in the library.
a lot vs. lots of
a lot ��� lots of �դ���������� ��ҡ�
����Ѻ����¤�͡����
�Ӷ�� ��� ����ʸ �ҧ���˹�ҹ���Ѻ����йѺ�����
������ҧ��
��˹�ҹ���Ѻ��
There are a lot of (lots of) vegetables
grown in this farm.
��˹�ҹ���Ѻ�����
A lot of (lots of) money was collected for the orphans.
He learned a lot of useful
information.
Is there a lot of (lots of) water in the canal?
A lot of snow is on the ground.
I haven�t heard a lot of calls in
the office today.
Function
�ӹǹ�ʴ�����������л���ʸ (willingness and refusal)
Making a request
(��â���ͧ)
����ͤس����ͧ����÷��������س
�س���繵�ͧ���ӹǹ���١��ͧ���������� �¤ӹ֧�֧ʶҹ��ó���е��˹觢ͧ�ؤ�ŷ����Ҩоٴ���¤س����ö���ӹǹ���仹��㹡�â���ͧ
Formal (�繷ҧ���) |
I hope you don�t mind my asking, but could
you Could you possibly Do you think you could Would you be willing to Would you Could you |
do me a favor? |
Informal (����繷ҧ���) |
Will you Can you |
����
Formal |
Would you mind |
doing me a favor? |
Informal |
How about |
�ӹǹ��ҧ�������������� ��س�С�سҪ�������͡�м�/�ԩѹ�
��ҵ�ͧ���������Ҿ �������� �please�
���仢�ҧ���¤Ӣ���ͧ
�ҧ���駤س���繵�ͧ�֧����ʹ㨨ҡ���ѧ��͹���зӡ�â���ͧ
������ӹǹ���仹��ӡ�͹�����¤����ͧ
Formal |
Excuse me. |
Very informal |
Hey! |
��õͺ�Ѻ���͵ͺ����ʸ��÷�褹��蹢���ͧ�����ҷ�����
��������ӹǹ���仹��
Formal |
Agreement
(�����ŧ) |
Refusal (��û���ʸ) |
excuse |
Of course. Certainly. By all means. I�d be glad to. Yes, I will / can. |
I�m terribly sorry, but �. I�m sorry, but ��. I�d like to, but ��. I wish I could, but �� No, I won�t / can�t. |
||
Informal |
Sure. All right. Okay. Be happy to. |
Sorry; but �.. Impossible. Wish I could. |
|
Very informal |
No problem. You bet. No sweat. |
No way. Forget it. Not a chance. |
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