Book 27

Lesson 1

Vocabulary

geography (n.)   �Ԫ�������ʵ��

          I like to study geography because I�m interested in the earth�s surface.

          �ѹ�ͺ���¹�Ԫ�������ʵ�����Щѹʹ�����ǡѺ��鹼���š

 

countless (adj.)   �ҡ��� �Ѻ����ǹ

          There are countless reasons why you should take this course.

          ���˵ؼ��ҡ�����ҷ����س��è����¹�Ԫҹ��

 

mass (n.)    ���

          Iceberg is a large mass of ice.

          ���ҹ���秤����Ź���秢�Ҵ�˭�

 

human (n.)   ������

          Animals are not humans.

          �ѵ�������������

 

isolate (v.)   �¡�͡��   ⴴ�����

          He always isolates himself from everyone. He doesn�t want to contact with anyone.

          ���¡����͡�Ҩҡ�ء�� ������ͧ��õԴ��͡Ѻ��

 

funds (n.)  �ͧ�ع   �Թ�ع

          The university raises funds to support poor students.

          ����Է����¨Ѵ��駡ͧ�ع���ͪ�������͹ѡ���¹�ҡ��

 

experiment (n.)  ��÷��ͧ

          The students do many experiments on plants.

          �ѡ���¹�ӡ�÷��ͧ����ͧ�ת

 

in / on behalf of (prep.)     㹹���ͧ

          He arranges the meeting on behalf of his supervisor.

          �ҨѴ��û�Ъ��㹹���ͧ���˹��

 

axis (n.)    ᡹�š

          The earth rotates on its axis.

          �š⤨��ͺ᡹�š

 

longitude (n.)    ����ǧ

          The airplane is at 30 degrees east longitude.

          ����ͧ�Թ�Թ������ �� ͧ�ҵ��ѹ�͡

 

latitude (n.)    ������

          The latitude of my school is 24 degrees south.

          �ç���¹�ͧ�ѹ��������� �� ͧ����

 

 

revolve (v.)    ��ع�ͺ   ⤨�

          The earth revolves around the sun.

          �š⤨��ͺ�ǧ�ҷԵ��

 

equator (n.)  ����ٹ���ٵ�

          The equator is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole.

          ����ٹ���ٵ����������ҧ�����š�˹�͡Ѻ�����š��

 

period (n.)    ��������

          A century is a period of 100 years.

          ˹��ȵ�������������� ��� ��

 

periodic (adj.)   �����ǧ����

          John goes to the hospital for periodic checkups.

          ������ç��Һ�����͵�Ǩ�آ�Ҿ�����ǧ����

 

challenge (v.)   ��ҷ��

          Jonathan challenges Patrick to a competition.

          ⨹Ҹҹ��ҷ�����Ԥ��������������觢ѹ

 

willing (adj.)   ����

          He is willing to help her move the table.

          �����㨪������������

 

disregard (v.)  ����� �ԡ��

          The careless driver disregards the traffic signs.

          ���Ѻö������ҷ�ѡ���������ͧ���¨�Ҩ�

 

look down on (v.)   �ٶ١

          Do you look down on people because of their poverty?

          �س�ٶ١��������Ф����ҡ���ͧ�ǡ���������

 

count on (v.)   �����   ����ҧ�

          He is always late. You can�t count on him.

          ���ѡ������� �س�������ö����ҧ�����

 

reprimand (v.)   ï¿½ï¿½Ð³ï¿½ï¿½   ��˹� 

          The teacher reprimands students for not doing their assignments.

          ��ٵ�˹Թѡ���¹����ͧ����������ӧҹ��

 

surrender (v.)   ����ӹ�   �����

          The soldiers surrendered when they had lost in the battle.

          ��������ӹ�����;ǡ�����ʹ��ú

 

call down (v.)   ��˹�  ��ҡ����

          The child was called down for behaving improperly.

          �硶١��˹�����ͧ�ʴ��ĵԡ�������������

 

silent (adj.)   ��º

          They remain silent in the funeral.

          �ǡ�ҹ��ʧ���º㹧ҹȾ

 

talk back to (v.)   ����§

          CAPT Smith was very angry when the private talked back to him.

          �����͡��Է���ø�ҡ����;ŷ�����§��

 

inferior (adj.)   ���¡���  ��ӡ���

          In rank, an ensign is inferior to a commander.

          ��������� ���͵�����ȵ�ӡ��ҹ����

 

look up to (v.)   ��þ

          I look up to people who have good manners.

          �ѹ��þ�����������ҷ��

 

work out (v.)  ���

          Can you work out this problem?

          �س����ö��䢻ѭ�ҹ�������

 

at a time (exp.)   ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ð¤ï¿½

          The schoolboys go through the door one at a time.

          �硹ѡ���¹�Թ��ҹ��еٷ��Ф�

 

discrepancy (n.)   ����ᵡ��ҧ   �����Ѵ���

          There are several discrepancies between these two versions of the report.

          �դ���ᵡ��ҧ���¨ش�����ҧ��§ҹ � ��Ѻ���  

 

Exercise

�����㹪�ͧ��ҧ������Ѿ������ҹ��

look up to                surrender                 silent                      isolate           call down

inferior to                look down on           count on                 work out        disregard

challenge                 countless                 reprimand                mass             human

on behalf of             willing                     discrepancy              funds            at a time

periodic                   talk back to

 

1.       The problem is very serious. We need to _______ it ___________.

2.       His boss ___________ him _____________ for missing the meeting.

3.       This mobile phone is ______________ the others. I prefer to buy a new one.

4.       Peter really admires his father. He __________________ him.

5.       The soldiers put down their weapons. It means they ________________.

6.       There are _______________ cars on the road.

7.       Anthony ignored his Captain�s order. He ________________ it.

8.       Maria heard nothing. The room was completely________________.

9.       The doctor wants to ________________ those sick patients.

10.   I don�t like this disruptive behavior. I ________________ it.

11.   You can _________________ me. You can depend on me.

12.   The privates made mistakes, so their trainer _______________________ them.

13.   He made an announcement ____________________ the chairman.

14.   The boy __________________ his classmate to run across the bridge.

15.   Alex has ___________ back pains.

16.   An island is a large land______________.

17.   The students should not __________________ their teachers.

18.   Robbie runs up the stairs three steps _________________.

19.   We plan to raise ______________ because we need a lot of money for building a new hospital.

20.   Anna is _______________ to help Sarah do the experiment.

 

Answer key

1.       The problem is very serious. We need to work it out.

2.       His boss calls him down for missing the meeting.

3.       This mobile phone is inferior to the others. I prefer to buy a new one.

4.       Peter really admires his father. He looks up to him.

5.       The soldiers put down their weapons. It means they surrender.

6.       There are countless cars on the road.

7.       Anthony ignored his Captain�s order. He disregarded it.

8.       Maria heard nothing. The room was completely silent.

9.       The doctor wants to isolate those sick patients.

10.   I don�t like this disruptive behavior. I look down on it.

11.   You can count on me. You can depend on me.

12.   The privates made mistakes, so their trainer reprimanded them.

13.   He made an announcement on behalf of the chairman.

14.   The boy challenges his classmate to run across the bridge.

15.   Alex has periodic back pains.

16.   An island is a large land mass.

17.   The students should not talk back to their teachers.

18.   Robbie runs up the stairs three steps at a time.

19.   We plan to raise funds because we need a lot of money for building a new hospital.

20.   Anna is willing to help Sarah do the experiment.

 

Grammar

Using will, won�t and wouldn�t to express willingness and refusal

          �����������͡���͵�ŧ�з����úҧ���ҧ ������㨷��з���觹�� ����� will ����ö���ʴ��������� 㹢�Ф���� won�t ��� wouldn�t ���ʴ���û���ʸ

 

will

 

                 will +  v.  ���ʴ���������㹻Ѩ�غѹ���͹Ҥ� �ç���ҧ����¤�դ����������ǡѹ

�Ѻ be + willing + to �infinitive

 

    ������ҧ         Jack will lend me his car.

                        Jack is willing to lend me his car.

 

                        Who will help me carry this box?

                        Who is willing to help me carry this box?

                                           

          

 

won�t

 

                    will  +  not (won�t)  +  v.  ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ê´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ê¸ã¹»Ñ¨ï¿½ØºÑ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¹Ò¤ï¿½

 

    ������ҧ        Mark won�t go to the library with me.

                      Mark refuses to go to the library with me.

 

 

wouldn�t

 

                   would + not (wouldn�t)  + v.   ���ʴ���û���ʸ�ʹյ

 

    ������ҧ        She wouldn�t have dinner last night.

                      She refused to have dinner last night.

 

 

Exercise

�ӻ���¤���仹���������ó��������� will, won�t ���� wouldn�t

1.       Susan is not willing to go to John�s birthday party.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

2.       Tony is willing to serve in the Navy for 2 years.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

3.       Nadia is willing to take care of children during the school break.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

4.       Marsha refuses to answer the phone.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

5.       Steve wasn�t willing to spend time with his friends.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

6.       Peter refused to help me move to the new house.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

7.       Brian says he is willing to work next week.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

8.       Caroline refuses to buy a new watch.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

9.       Richard refused to take TOEFL last month.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

10.   Robert is willing to volunteer to be the staff in the charity.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

 Answer key

1.       Susan won�t go to John�s birthday party.

2.       Tony will serve in the Navy for 2 years.

3.       Nadia will take care of children during the school break.

4.       Marsha won�t answer the phone.

5.       Steve wouldn�t spend time with his friends.

6.       Peter wouldn�t help me move to the new house.

7.       Brian says he will work next week.

8.       Caroline won�t buy a new watch.

9.       Richard wouldn�t take TOEFL last month.

10.   Robert will volunteer to be the staff in the charity.

 

 

participle VS. gerund as noun modifier

 

gerund (��������) ��� �ٻ��� ing �ͧ����� ��˹�ҷ������͹�繤ӹ��

participle (�س�����) ��˹�ҷ���觤س�Ѿ���觡���� �� � ���ҧ ����

          present participle (�س����һѨ�غѹ) ���ٻ�����ǡѺ gerund ���˹�ҷ���繤س�Ѿ�� ����������ǹ�ͧ����� ��  crying boy

          past participle (�س�����ʹյ) ��� �ٻ����Ҫ�ͧ��� � ��˹�ҷ���繤س�Ѿ�� ����������ǹ�ͧ����� �� broken glass

��Ҥ�è���˹ѡ����ҧ���˹��

          ������ٻ v-ing �繷�� gerund ��� participle ��� gerund ��˹�ҷ���繤ӹ�� ��� participle ��˹�ҷ���繤Ӥس�Ѿ�� ��� 2 �������ö�ҧ��˹�Ҥӹ����

          gerund ˹�Ҥӹ�����ա���鹷���ҧ���á

������ҧ          WAITing list

          participle ˹�Ҥӹ�� �ӹ�������Ѻ����鹾�ҧ���á

������ҧ          running Water

gerunds + nouns :

1.       We watch TV in the LIVing room.

2.       They enjoy the HUNTing trip in Arizona.

3.       I need the CUTting board for chopping vegetables.

4.       Did you bring your SWIMming suit?

participles + nouns :

1.       The crying BAby makes a loud noise.

2.       I do not like this tiring WORK.

3.       We have never wasted our money on boring MOVies.

4.       The leaking PIPES annoy me all the time.

 

Gerund or participle?

          �������ö�¡ gerund �ҡ participle ���¡�������������� ����ѡ�ѧ���仹��

1.       gerund �繤ӹ�� ������ҧ˹�Ҥӹ�������� ���ʴ��ش������¢ͧ�ӷ�����

2.       present participle ��˹�ҷ���� adjective ����ҧ˹�Ҥӹ�� �ʴ������繶֧��á�зӢͧ��

�ͧ����Ӷ�����仹�� �ѹ�Ъ��¤س�Ѵ�Թ���

1.       swimming pool � Is the pool for the purpose of swimming? Yes, it is; therefore, the word �swimming� is a gerund.

2.       amusing story �Is this story amusing? Yes, it is; therefore, the word �amusing� is a participle.

 

������ҧ

1.         The crying baby feels uncomfortable when her diaper gets wet.

2.         Her shopping list is very long.

3.         This hunting trip is quite exciting.

4.         Our family always spends time together in the living room.

5.         Please pay much attention to warning signs on the street.

 

Exercise

�Ѻ��� participle ��� gerund � Column A �Ѻ�ӹ������ѹ����� Column A

Column A                                            Column B

_________1.  leaking                                          a.  room

_________2.  sleeping                                        b.  woman

_________3.  fishing                                           c.  pipes

_________4.  tiring                                            d.  machine

_________5.  working                                         e.  bag

_________6.  waiting                                          f.  license

_________7.  drinking                                         g.  day

_________8.  hunting                                         h.  raft

_________9.  washing                                        i.   rod

_________10. floating                                         j.   water

Answer key

1.       c

2.       e

3.       i

4.       g

5.       b

6.       a

7.       j

8.       f

9.       d

10.   h

 

Manner of using a present participle

          �ҡ���ʴ������繺ҧ��觷���з� ����ö�ʴ����¡���������ӹǹ ������¡���� �ing ������ҧ�� ��ӹǹ������ �have fun singing� ����� singing �ʴ������繶֧�ҡ���դ����آ

 

EXPRESSION       +        -ING

 

have fun

have a good time

have trouble

have difficulty

have a hard time

have a difficult time

 

 

singing

playing

studying

understanding

hearing

getting

 

 

SPEND / WASTE     +    EXPRESSION OF TIME       +        -ING

 

spend

waste

 

a year

an hour

 

studying

waiting

 

 

SIT / STAND / LIE     +    EXPRESSION OF PLACE       +        -ING

 

sit

stand

lie

 

 

at the computer

in line

on the beach

 

working

waiting

sleeping

 

 

Exercise

�ӻ���¤�������ó�����ӡ���ҵ��仹����ٻ �ing

wait for          read              study            get used to              prepare

pass              listen to         play              understand               go shopping

 

1.       Jennifer had a difficult time _______________ the test.

2.       I have trouble _______________ French.

3.       Did you have fun __________________with your friends?

4.       They are sitting in the language lab __________________ the CD.

5.       Mark had trouble _________________ the instructions.

6.       Don�t waste a lot of time ______________ computer games.

7.       Will she have difficulty ________________________ her new neighbors?

8.       I�ll spend two days ________________ this article?

9.       Clara spent three hours __________________ dinner for her family.

10.   Bob and Thomas stood in line for over two hours ________________ the box office to open.

 

Answer key

1.       Jennifer had a difficult time passing the test.

2.       I have trouble studying French.

3.       Did you have fun going shopping with your friends?

4.       They are sitting in the language lab listening to the CD.

5.       Mark had trouble understanding the instructions.

6.       Don�t waste a lot of time playing computer games.

7.       Will she have difficulty getting used to her new neighbors?

8.       I�ll spend two days reading this article?

9.       Clara spent three hours preparing dinner for her family.

10.   Bob and Thomas stood in line for over two hours waiting for the box office to open.

 

 

Adverb clauses of manner with as

          �ѡɳ��ҡ�÷�����ʴ���Һҧ��觶١��з�����͹ػ���¤����˹�ҷ�������ɳ� ��� ���¡���� (adverb clause)  �����  as  �繤����������¤  (subordinating conjunction)    �����㹡���й�͹ػ���¤�͡�ѡɳ��ҡ�� (adverb clauses of manner)

exactly ��� just ���������͹�Ѻ as

 

 

Adverb clauses of manner

in the way / manner that

 

 

The train arrived on time

as we expected it would.

 

 

The situation,

 

exactly as we understand it,

is getting worse.

 

 

 

Just as they planned to,

 

they arrived on time.

 

 

Exercise

��� 2 ����¤��Ҵ��¡ѹ���� as, just as ���� exactly as

1.       The show ended quickly. I hoped it would.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

2.       Elizabeth makes her pumpkin pies. Her grandmother does.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

3.       He finished building his new house. He had planned.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

4.       We planned. Everybody arrives the campsite safely.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

5.       Nicolas owns a bookstore. His father did.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

6.       His trip to Europe was wonderful. He expected.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

7.       We plan to go to the tutorial class. We do every day.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

8.       The parcel was delivered today. Jack had hoped it would be.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

9.       They expected. The students passed the test.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

10.   He had requested. Eating was prohibited in the library.

_________________________________________________________________________

 

Answer key

1.       The show ended quickly as / just as / exactly as I hoped it would.

2.       Elizabeth makes her pumpkin pies as / just as / exactly as her grandmother does.

3.       He finished building his new house as / just as / exactly as he had planned.

4.       As / Just as / Exactly as we planned, everybody arrives the campsite safely.

5.       Nicolas owns a bookstore as / just as / exactly as his father did.

6.       His trip to Europe was wonderful as / just as / exactly as he expected.

7.       We plan to go to the tutorial class as / just as / exactly as we do every day.

8.       The parcel was delivered today as / just as / exactly as Jack had hoped it

would be.

9.       As / Just as / Exactly as they expected. The students passed the test.

10.   As / Just as / Exactly as he had requested, eating was prohibited in the library.

 

a lot   vs.   lots of

          a lot   ���     lots of    �դ���������� ��ҡ�   ����Ѻ����¤�͡����   �Ӷ��   ���   ����ʸ   �ҧ���˹�ҹ���Ѻ����йѺ����� ������ҧ��

��˹�ҹ���Ѻ�� 

There are a lot of (lots of) vegetables grown in this farm.

��˹�ҹ���Ѻ�����  

A lot of (lots of) money was collected for the orphans.

                   He learned a lot of useful information.

                   Is there a lot of (lots of) water in the canal?

                   A lot of snow is on the ground.

                    I haven�t heard a lot of calls in the office today.

 

Function

 

�ӹǹ�ʴ�����������л���ʸ (willingness and refusal)

 

Making a request

(��â���ͧ)

          ����ͤس����ͧ����÷��������س �س���繵�ͧ���ӹǹ���١��ͧ���������� �¤ӹ֧�֧ʶҹ��ó���е��˹觢ͧ�ؤ�ŷ����Ҩоٴ���¤س����ö���ӹǹ���仹��㹡�â���ͧ

Formal

(�繷ҧ���)

 

I hope you don�t mind my asking, but could you

Could you possibly

Do you think you could

Would you be willing to

Would you

Could you

 

 

 

do me a favor?

Informal

(����繷ҧ���)

Will you

Can you

 

����

 

Formal

 

Would you mind

 

doing me a favor?

Informal

 

How about

 

�ӹǹ��ҧ�������������� ��س�С�سҪ�������͡�м�/�ԩѹ�

��ҵ�ͧ���������Ҿ �������� �please� ���仢�ҧ���¤Ӣ���ͧ

          �ҧ���駤س���繵�ͧ�֧����ʹ㨨ҡ���ѧ��͹���зӡ�â���ͧ ������ӹǹ���仹��ӡ�͹�����¤����ͧ

 

Formal

Excuse me.

Very informal

Hey!

                       

��õͺ�Ѻ���͵ͺ����ʸ��÷�褹��蹢���ͧ�����ҷ����� ��������ӹǹ���仹��

 

 

Formal

        Agreement (�����ŧ)

          Refusal (��û���ʸ)

 

 

 

 

 

excuse

Of course.

Certainly.

By all means.

I�d be glad to.

Yes, I will / can.

I�m terribly sorry, but �.

I�m sorry, but ��.

I�d like to, but ��.

I wish I could, but ��

No, I won�t / can�t.

 

Informal

 

Sure.

All right.

Okay.

Be happy to.

Sorry; but �..

Impossible.

Wish I could.

 

Very informal

No problem.

You bet.

No sweat.

No way.

Forget it.

Not a chance.

 

 

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